August 28, 2008

Dismissal of Fraudulent Tax Shelter Charges Against Former KPMG Partners Is Upheld by Appellate Court

As this whistleblower lawyer blog has discussed before, accounting firms that promote fraudulent tax shelters are prime targets of IRS enforcement efforts (often assisted by IRS tax whistleblowers).

In a decision last week, the prosecution of 13 former KPMG partners and other executives for their alleged involvement in fraudulent tax shelters was thwarted--again. A panel of judges from the Second Circuit Court of Appeals affirmed the trial judge's dismissal of the charges against these KPMG defendants.

The court did not find the tax shelters to be lawful, however. Instead, it agreed with the trial court that "the government deprived [the defendants] of their right to counsel under the Sixth Amendment by causing KPMG to place conditions on the advancement of legal fees to [the defendants], and to cap the fees and ultimately end them. Because the government failed to cure the Sixth Amendment violation, and because no other remedy will return [the defendants] to the status quo ante, we affirm the dismissal of the indictment."

We await the government's announcement whether it will ask the entire court to reconsider its ruling; seek review by the Supreme Court; or seek to bring other charges.

As we have written, tax fraud, tax evasion, and other violations of IRS laws, rules and regulations can be addressed--in criminal and civil cases, often with the help of whistleblowers--without violating the Constitution. Those enforcement efforts must continue, so that honest citizens do not get stuck paying more than their fair share of the tax burden.

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February 26, 2008

"False Claims Act Correction Act" to Restore Qui Tam Whistleblower Law to Its Original Intent Goes Before Senate Judiciary Committee

Tomorrow, the Senate Judiciary Committee will hold a hearing on a much-needed bill that will restore to its intended effectiveness the government's primary law for combating fraud.

Our whistleblower lawyer blog has written previously about the "False Claims Act Correction Act." The Act is one of the most significant developments in whistleblower law since the 1986 amendments that created the modern False Claims Act.

This is a bipartisan bill designed to restore the government's "primary" tool for fighting fraud against taxpayers, the False Claims Act, to its intended usefulness. Several court decisions have weakened the False Claims Act and inhibited its effectiveness in fighting fraud.

The publication Legal Times contacted me last week to discuss the bill's importance. In its February 25, 2008 issue, Legal Times (http://www.law.com/jsp/dc/PubArticleDC.jsp?id=1203508156014&hub=TopStories) includes only one comment from a "whistleblower" lawyer, my comment that:

"'This would remove a series of technicalities for those who get away with stealing taxpayer funds,” says Michael Sullivan, a plaintiffs lawyer at Atlanta’s Finch McCranie."

What was edited out is that those who have succeeded in defrauding the public now often take advantage of a series of "technical" defenses that allow them to escape accountability--defenses that were never intended by Congress in enacting the current version of the False Claims Act.

No contractor who has not committed fraud will have any concerns about the new bill.

We will continue to report on the bill's progress!


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October 24, 2007

IRS Tax Evasion & Stock Options Fraud Lead to Prison Sentence for Options Administrator

On this whistleblower lawyer blog, we have written previously about abuse of stock options--and how the IRS has declared that tax fraud and evasion from back-dating of stock options is a "Tier I" priority. Now, stock option fraud and income tax evasion will send a former stock options administrator to prison for almost four years.

The Securities and Exchange Commission has announced that Vencent Donlan was sentenced in a California federal court to 46 months in prison after pleading guilty to wire fraud and tax evasion charges. He was alleged to have fraudulently obtained stock and stock options from Wireless Facilities Inc.

Between November 2002 and November 2003, Donlan allegedly received more than $7 million by abusing his position as WFI's stock option grant administrator. The SEC alleged that Donlan issued and transferred more than 700,000 shares of the company's stock and stock options to a brokerage account that Donlan held with his wife. Donlan was alleged to have made false entries in WFI's stock options software to hide unauthorized stock option grants he made to his wife, as well as to have provided false information to the company's brokerage firm and transfer agent.

The tax law violations included that Donlan had evaded paying more than $2.2 million in federal income taxes on the income from his sales of this stock in 2002-2003. Donlan had already been ordered to disgorge all of his ill-gotten gains and pay interest and penalties.

We are encouraged by the successes of these government representatives who are working to stop fraud that causes losses to other persons or our public bodies.

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October 23, 2007

Illegal Tax Shelter Case Trial Postponed As Judge Disqualifies Counsel in KPMG Case

Our whistleblower lawyer blog attorneys have written about how abusive and fraudulent tax shelters promoted by accounting firms are priorities on the list of conduct that the IRS (and IRS tax whistleblowers) seek to stop. We have followed the KPMG tax shelter prosecution, which was set for opening statements to begin on October 23.

Just before the trial, Judge Lewis A. Kaplan responded to a late motion by the government pointing out potential conflicts of interest by counsel for former KPMG partner John Larson, by disqualifying his attorney. A new trial date will be set in November, once new counsel is obtained.

The 2005 KPMG indictment concerning alleged abusive and illegal tax shelters has been clear evidence that the government is prepared to hold accountable the accountants, financial advisers, lawyers and bankers who participate in illegal tax schemes.

The case is pending in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York, UNITED STATES v. JEFFREY STEIN, et al., S1 05 Crim. 0888 (LAK).

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August 21, 2007

Whistleblower Lawyer Blog Update: Kickback Allegations Lead IBM and PriceWaterhouseCoopers to Settle False Claims Act Liability

One of the many types of fraud and false claims that whistleblowers can report to whistleblower attorneys is unlawful "kickbacks" paid by companies that do business with the federal government.

The Justice Department has announced a settlement with IBM and PriceWaterhouseCoopers for more than $5.2 million, to resolve allegations that these firms violated the False Claims Act through business arrangements that allegedly constituted unlawful kickbacks. The announcement followed a whistleblower suit under the qui tam provisions of the False Claims Act, which we have explained on this whistleblower lawyer blog previously.

According to the government, it investigated IBM and PWC as part of an ongoing investigation of government technology vendors and consultants. Other complaints have been filed in April 2007 in Arkansas against Accenture, Hewlett-Packard, and Sun Microsystems, according to the Justice Department.

We congratulate the agencies involved in securing this victory for taxpayers: the Justice Department’s Civil Division; the U.S. Attorney’s Office of Little Rock, Ark.; the Department of Energy’s Office of Inspector General (OIG); ; the Defense Criminal Investigative Service; the General Services Administration Office of the Inspector GeneralNASA Office of the Inspector General; the Army Criminal Investigation Command; the Defense Contract Audit Agency; the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Office of the Inspector General; the Postal Service Office of the Inspector General; the Navy Criminal Investigative Service; and the Air Force Office of Special Investigations.

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August 13, 2007

Whistleblower Lawyer Update: Medicaid Fraud Investigation Into Fraudulent Pharmacy Billings Produces Recovery in Missouri

Medicaid Fraud Recovery Announced by Missouri Attorney General

False and fraudulent billings were uncovered in a Missouri Medicaid fraud investigation that has produced a recovery by the Missouri Attorney General's Office's Medicaid Fraud Control Unit. Billings like this typically violate the False Claims Act or the various state False Claims Acts.

Prescriptions that had not been authorized by physicians were submitted and paid for by the Medicaid program. Once the suspicious activity was reported, the Attorney General's Office's investigation followed and produced a recovery of $462,926 from apparently a single pharmacy in DeKalb County, Missouri, the Randolph Drug Store in Maysville.

The Attorney General's press release does not make clear whether a whistleblower other than the owner of the pharmacy was involved in reporting this health care fraud. We commend the Missouri Attorney General and the Medicaid Fraud Control Unit on their successful effort to stop fraud against taxpayers.

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August 6, 2007

Whistleblower Lawyer Update: Medical Equipment Fraud, Fraudulent Billing by Doctor, and Home Health Care Fraud Highlight Week of Indictments in Health Care Compliance Cases

This past week produced examples of why whistleblowers and their attorneys must continue to insist that false claims and health care fraud not be tolerated. The indictments of Texas medical equipment suppliers--who are alleged to have overbilled Medicare and Medicaid for expensive scooters and chairs while providing cheaper ones --show how prevalent false claims are.

The indictment of a physician in West Virginia for allegedly falsifying the time spent in patient visits shows another common type of health care fraud and false claims.

A Virginia home health care provider's indictment for allegedly using unqualified nurses and nurses aides is yet another example of health care fraud that whistleblowers can help stop.

You can read the new articles at the links above--we attorneys who write this whistleblowerlawyerlog want to keep public awareness of health care fraud and other fraud against taxpayers front and center.

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July 20, 2007

IRS to Scrutinize Derivatives--Do They Allow Offshore Investors to Avoid Withholding Taxes on U.S. Stock Dividends?

IRS Seeks Documents from Citigroup and Lehman Brothers Holdings on Derivatives

Now that Congress has created a meaningful IRS Whistleblower Rewards Program, tax whistleblower attorneys took note of yesterday's report that the IRS is looking into whether derivatives trades for hedge funds and other investors are being used to avoid tax withholding obligations, according to the Wall Street Journal yesterday. The IRS reportedly has issued "Information Document Requests" to Citigroup and Lehman Brothers Holdings to find out.

As Reuters reports, the derivatives trades in question are when securities firms buy stocks from offshore hedge-fund clients; the banks then pay their clients any principal return and dividends that these stocks generate. Because the fund technically does not hold the stock, the funds escape paying up to 30 percent in taxes on the dividend, according to sources discussed by Reuters.

Schemes to avoid paying taxes place greater burdens on the millions of honest Americans who satisfy their own tax obligations. We applaud the IRS's efforts to stop unlawful schemes.

The new IRS Whistleblower Rewards Program should make the IRS's efforts all the more effective. The enthusiasm of the three IRS agents we met with this week remind us how important the new IRS Whistleblower program should be!

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July 20, 2007

Pharmaceutical Company Bristol Settles Massachusetts Lawsuit Over Pricing of Drugs

Alleged Overcharging for Prescription Drugs Leads to $13 Million Settlement in Boston

Pharmaceutical fraud harms the Medicare and Medicaid programs--and the citizens who pay for them. Drug companies' alleged overcharging for prescription drugs has led to fraud investigations and lawsuits by whistleblower attorneys in the past. This week, shortly before trial, pharmaceutical manufacturer Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. reportedly agreed to pay $13 million to resolve allegations that it overcharged for its Taxol cancer medicine and other drugs.

The settlement follows a ruling last month ordering Bristol Myers-Squibb, AstraZeneca Plc and Schering-Plough Corp. to pay damages for allegedly overcharging on drugs by inflating the "average wholesale price" (AWP).

The lawsuit alleged that consumers' insurance co-payments were inflated under Medicare Part B, through use of average wholesale prices for prescription drugs, including Taxol, that were substantially greater than what the drug manufacturer actually charged doctors and hospitals.

The upcoming trial was to have addressed co-payments for Bristol's drugs. According to Bloomberg, the drug Taxol produced $1.6 billion in sales in 2000 alone before Bristol lost the patent protection for this drug.

The lawsuit is In Re: Pharmaceutical Industry Average Wholesale Price Litigation, MDL No. 1456, U.S. District Court, District of Massachusetts.

Cheating the public out of scarce health care dollars should be stopped--and whistleblowers are crucial to that effort.

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July 16, 2007

In Case Alleging Fraud Against IRS in Misuse of Tax Shelters by Former KPMG Partners, Judge Dismisses Charges Against 13 Defendants

Most Defendants in KPMG Case Escape Prosecution--At Least For Now

As we have written about previously, abusive and fraudulent tax shelters promoted by accounting firms are high on the list of conduct that the IRS (and IRS tax whistleblowers) seek to stop. Today, the government's prosecution of 13 former KPMG partners and other executives was derailed--at least for now--when the trial judge dismissed charges against them, while allowing the charges to remain against other defendants.

Judge Lewis Kaplan had already ruled that these defendants' constitutional rights had been violated when the government pressured KPMG not to advance the legal fees and expenses of the defendants.

With that prior ruling, the government agreed that the Court should dismiss the charges against these 13 defendants. The government now may attempt to upset the judge's ruling on appeal, or perhaps try to bring other charges against these defendants.

As former prosecutors, we have followed the separate indictment of four Ernst & Young partners for tax fraud conspiracy and other federal criminal charges relating to tax shelters.

We believe that tax fraud, tax evasion, and other violations of IRS laws, rules and regulations can be battled effectively--in criminal cases or civil ones, whether or not whistleblowers are involved-- within our Constitution's protections. It will be interesting to see if the ruling in the case of the former KPMG executives, is appealed and stands.

The case is pending in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York, UNITED STATES v. JEFFREY STEIN, et al., S1 05 Crim. 0888 (LAK)..


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July 15, 2007

IRS Declares That Tax Fraud and Evasion from Back-Dating of Stock Options Is a Top Priority

IRS Tax Whistleblowers with Knowledge of Stock Option Backdating Should Take Note

Now that the IRS has an effective IRS Whistleblower Rewards Program for whistleblowers who report tax fraud, tax evasion, or other violations of the Internal Revenue laws, the IRS' recent announcement of focusing on back-dating of stock options should be interesting. In continuing our past discussions of claims under the IRS Whistleblower Rewards Program, we point out the tax fraud that the IRS has decided to target involving back-dated stock options.

The IRS recently announced that backdating of stock options is a "Tier I Compliance Issue and therefore is a mandatory examination item for taxpayers with backdated stock option grant and/or exercise prices."

This unlawful practice can produce adverse tax consequences for the corporation issuing the option. As the IRS announcement explains, corporations are subject to a $1 million annual limit on the deduction for compensation to the CEO and four other highest compensated officers in a publicly traded corporation.

Under Treasury Regulations section 1.162-27(e)(2)(vi), there is a “qualified performance based compensation” exception to the $1 million deduction limit for compensation attributable to option exercises if the option exercise price equals or exceeds the per share value on the grant date and certain other requirements are met. A failure to satisfy this requirement may cause compensation attributable to the option exercise to be subject to the $1 million deduction limit.

Continue reading "IRS Declares That Tax Fraud and Evasion from Back-Dating of Stock Options Is a Top Priority" »

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July 12, 2007

False Claims Act Case Against Texas Computer Services Firm Is Settled

Fraud and False Claims by Government Contractor in Dallas Leads to $2.6 Million Settlement with Justice Department

The statute most used by whistleblowers and whistleblower attorneys has resulted in yet another recovery of money for false claims. The Justice Department has announced that Affiliated Computer Services, Inc. (ACS) has agreed to pay more than $2.6 million to settle a False Claims Act case.

The government alleged that ACS, from 2002-2005, inflated its claims for payment of government funds for recruiting and enrolling individuals in various government programs funded by the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), the U.S. Department of Labor (DOL), and the Administration for Children and Families of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (ACF).

According to the government, ACS "self-reported" its violations of the False Claims Act to the government. Based on our experience as federal prosecutors before we began representing whistleblowers, this type of perceived "cooperation" by a defendant sometimes can reduce what it ultimately pays.

A company that discloses its wrongdoing and offers to pay back funds that it wrongfully obtained is to be commended. Of course, most wrongdoers do not--and this is why whistleblowers perform such a valuable service in bringing corruption to light.

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May 30, 2007

Accounting Firm Partners Indicted in Tax Fraud Case Over Tax Shelters Promoted by Ernst & Young

IRS whistleblowers and whistleblower attorneys take note: accounting firms participating in selling tax shelters were jolted by today's announcement of the indictment of four Ernst & Young partners for tax fraud conspiracy and other federal criminal charges relating to tax shelters.

The four accountants were alleged to have marketed tax shelter transactions based on fraudulent factual scenarios, through which wealthy taxpayers could eliminate or reduce the taxes paid to the IRS, according to the government's announcement. All four persons charged had worked in E&Y's group that developed tax shelters, initially named VIPER ("Value Ideas Produce Extraordinary Results"), and later SISG ("Strategic Income Solutions Group"), according to the government.

The indictment announced by the U.S. Attorney for the Southern District of New York named present or former E&Y tax partners in Texas, New York, and Louisiana. Three of the four reportedly were also lawyers. The indictments allege a scheme to defraud the IRS through fraudulent tax shelters from 1998 through 2004.

One defendant--a lawyer--was alleged to have instructed the accounting firm's employees to destroy documents when he knew of a pending IRS audit of the transaction, according to the announcement by the government. The government also alleged that eleven of the firm's used the tax shelter scheme to eliminate $3.7 million of their own tax liability.

"Where were the lawyers" was the refrain of a judge after the S&L collapse. Although defendants are presumed innocent until proven guilty, it appears the same question may be asked here.

We applaud the IRS Criminal Investigation Division for pursuing those who do not pay their fair share of taxes, leaving you and me to pay more.

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May 15, 2007

Whistleblower Case Victory in D.C. Bid-Rigging Trial

A qui tam whistleblower and his lawyer are very happy as a result of a $102 million jury verdict--to be shared by the whistleblower--in a False Claims Act trial that ended on May 14.

The defendants in this whistleblower case included Bill Harbert International Construction Inc.; Harbert Construction Services; Bilhar International Establishment; Harbert Corp.; and Harbert International. The case alleged bid-rigging on three U.S. government-funded construction contracts in Egypt in the 1980s and 1990s.

The jury found that defendants violated the False Claims Act and awarded $34 million in damages, which are "trebled" under the False Claims Act.

The Department of Justice lawyer, Carolyn Mark, is a veteran prosecutor. She handled one of my first cases under the False Claims Act in the late 1980s--another bid-rigging case against electrical contractors, one of whom I was defending (in my former life, before I represented whistleblowers). I sent Carolyn a note of congratulations today.

AUSA Keith Morgan also deserves kudos, as does Robert Bell, who represented whistleblower Richard Miller.

Two of my favorite D.C. federal judges presided over the case. Initially, the late Judge William Bryant had it, and it was later transferred to Judge Royce Lamberth.

Continue reading "Whistleblower Case Victory in D.C. Bid-Rigging Trial" »

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April 30, 2007

Whistleblower Lawsuit Against California Hospital Accused of Overbilling is Settled

In a whistleblower lawsuit settlement, the Loma Linda Behavioral Science Center agreed to pay more than $2 million to resolve allegations of overbilling.

This False Claims Act whistleblower case was filed by a former employee of Healthcare Financial Advisors (HFA), a consulting firm that advises hospitals in preparing cost reports. The lawsuit alleges that HFA assisted its clients in seeking reimbursement for unallowable costs from Medicare and Medi-Cal.


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April 26, 2007

Justice Department Announces It Joins Qui Tam Health Care Fraud Cases Against HealthEssentials Solutions Inc.

Health care cases remain busy this week. The Justice Department on April 26 announced that it is joining whistleblowers in pursuing three qui tam lawsuits against HealthEssentials Solutions Inc. (HES) that allege false claims were submitted to Medicare.

The cases involve allegations of upcoding -- improperly using a diagnosis code that is not supported by the medical record, for the purpose of obtaining greater reimbursement--and billing for medically unnecessary services.

The three cases were filed separately in the U.S. District Court in Louisville, Ky., by former employees of HES.

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March 20, 2007

Whistleblower Law Sponsor Testifies About Iraq Contractor Fraud

Whistleblowers and whistleblower attorneys may consider Senator Charles Grassley of Iowa as the "patron saint" of protecting taxpayer money from fraud against the government. Sen. Grassley continues his great work as he testifies today before the Senate Judiciary Committee about Iraq contractor profiteering and fraud.

The Senator already claimed another recent victory by spearheading passage of the new IRS Whistleblower Rewards Program. Sen. Grassley saw how cost-effective the False Claims Act has been in recovering more than $20 billion for the government--largely because of the improved qui tam whistleblower enhancements enacted in 1986. (Sen. Grassley and Rep. Howard Berman were sponsors of the landmark 1986 amendments to the False Claims Act.)

Sen. Grassley was to testify that the False Claims Act whistleblower statute should be strengthened to deal with contractors such as Halliburton. He mentioned trying to recover $60 billion for meals not provided to the military by the defense contractor.

We find it refreshing to see someone like Sen. Grassley who is a true public servant--again and again. Congress and the American people should follow his lead in recognizing the value of effective whistleblower programs that encourage whistleblowers to report fraud, waste, and abuse of taxpayer dollars.

Otherwise, crime does pay for those who cheat the government--and thus other taxpayers.

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February 20, 2007

Medicare Fraud Indictments in Los Angeles

We find it staggering to read about how blatant Medicare fraud can be, which often provokes a whistleblower to step forward. Today's L.A. Times reports on a shameless scheme to defraud Medicare:

Elderly and mentally ill patients allegedly were offered doughnuts, candy and other gifts to lure them into more than $12 million worth of unnecessary respiratory treatments that were fraudulently billed to Medicare, according to the Indictment. Doctors and administrators were charged, according to this report.

What can you say about such criminality, when health care dollars in this country are sorely needed?

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February 1, 2007

Government Joins Whistleblower Case Against Pharmaceutical Firm for Overcharging on Generic Drugs

We saw another significant whistleblower case against a drug company hit the news wire this week.

The government announced that it was joining a qui tam lawsuit under the False Claims Act against the company Boehringer Ingelheim Roxane, Inc. The Complaint alleges overcharging on pharmaceutical products.

In joining this lawsuit, the United States has alleged that the drug company engaged in a "scheme to report fraudulent and inflated prices for several pharmaceutical products, knowing that federal health care programs established reimbursement rates based on those reported prices."

We have reprinted the government's announcement of why it is joining this qui tam whistleblower lawsuit below (from the U.S. Department of Justice press release):

+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

Continue reading "Government Joins Whistleblower Case Against Pharmaceutical Firm for Overcharging on Generic Drugs" »

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January 24, 2007

Why States Are Passing Their Own Qui Tam Whistleblower Laws

I looked into the experiences that states have had with their own False Claims Acts, because almost every state is considering passing its own. I have tried to provide a brief summary that I hope is useful to you.

To encourage states to enact their own False Claims statutes with qui tam whistleblower provisions that are at least as effective as the federal Act, Congress created a large financial incentive when it passed the Deficit Reduction Act of 2005. States that have or enact such acts become eligible as of January 1, 2007, for a 10% increase in the state's share of Medicaid fraud recoveries.


Many states, therefore, will consider whether to follow suit by enacting their own False Claims Act as early as 2007. Thus, it is important to consider other states' experiences with their own state statutes governing false claims.

Most qui tam cases filed under the state statutes have been related to health care. Many are "global" Medicaid cases that were first developed in federal courts as Medicare and Medicaid fraud cases and that concerned a nationwide fraud which had been investigated by multiple federal and state jurisdictions.

Texas recovered $45.5 million in 2004 from pharmaceutical companies based on their allegedly overstating the price of prescription brand-name and generic-brand drugs. The Texas Attorney General stated that neither the lawsuit nor the settlement would have been possible had the state not enacted a qui tam provision.

Continue reading "Why States Are Passing Their Own Qui Tam Whistleblower Laws" »

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January 22, 2007

Where Is the Oversight?

Just before Christmas I read an article about a case in Texas where a doctor was sentenced to a lengthy prison term for a scheme to defraud Medicare and Medicaid in excess of $25 million. The doctor had been approached by individuals offering to pay him a kickback for supplying Certificates of Medical Necessity (CMN) approving a beneficiary to receive a motorized wheelchair. I have been watching TV and seeing these adds for sometime about scooters for disabled individuals and I was wondering how so many people could be approved by Medicare and Medicaid to receive these products. At least in this one case in Texas, the doctor was being paid money by the suppliers of these motorized wheelchairs to certify that the people needed them.

In the case in Texas, according to the government, the doctor involved not only got a kickback for signing the CMN but told the disabled patient that unless that patient utilized his services for even more fraudulent billing of Medicare and Medicaid claims that he would not sign their CMN and help them get their wheelchairs. According to prosecutors, the supply companies who provided the wheelchairs in many cases provided less expensive scooters to the patients or nothing at all. The cost to the government, over $25 million in claims.

This case is a classic example of where the government’s pocketbook is opened for looting by those who have no compunction to do so. Given the large amounts of money going to this doctor one would think that the government’s computerized system would have picked up that something was amiss. Before the scheme was uncovered, $25 million in taxpayer money was paid out to those involved in the conspiracy to defraud the government. Because of the lack of oversight, these people operated for several years with impunity. While the articles I read did not say how it is that the scheme was finally brought to the attention of the government (I would suspect an informant), at least these people were caught and prosecuted. One would hope that the informant had filed a qui tam action under seal and that he and his attorneys were paid for bring this outrageous fraud to the attention of the government.

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January 18, 2007

Introduction to the False Claims Act and Qui Tam Whistleblower Cases

I wrote this article for a seminar to explain the False Claims Act to those who may not know about it. I hope it may be useful to those who are interested in the Act. I have divided it into several sections--this is the first section, summarizing how the False Claims Act came to be in the time of Abraham Lincoln, and how it has evolved since then:

I. Introduction

Fraud is perhaps so pervasive and, therefore, costly to the Government due to a lack of deterrence. GAO concluded in its 1981 study that most fraud goes undetected due to the failure of Governmental agencies to effectively ensure accountability on the part of program recipients and Government contractors. The study states:
For those who are caught committing fraud, the chances of being prosecuted and eventually going to jail are slim . . . The sad truth is that crime against the Government often does pay.1

Fraud–and allegations of fraud–plague government spending at every level. Today, as the federal and state governments struggle to fund the billions of dollars spent annually on health care through Medicare and Medicaid; the Iraq war and reconstruction effort; other Department of Defense procurement; Hurricane Katrina and other disaster relief; and government grants and programs of every description, there is no shortage of opportunities for fraud against the public fisc.

The federal False Claims Act, 31 U.S.C. §§ 3729 - 3733, has been the federal government’s “primary” weapon to recover losses from those who defraud it.2 The Act not only authorizes the government to pursue actions for treble damages and penalties, but also empowers and provides incentives to private citizens to file suit on the government’s behalf as “qui tam relators.”3 Over the past 20 years, recoveries for the federal government have grown dramatically since Congress amended the Act in 1986 to encourage greater use of the qui tam provisions, as part of a “coordinated effort of both the [g]overnment and the citizenry [to] decrease this wave of defrauding public funds.”4

The False Claims Act has unique procedural requirements that create many pitfalls for a lawyer prosecuting or defending cases under the Act. In addition, the law varies among the different federal circuits in ways that can determine the outcome of a False Claims Act case, depending on where it is filed.

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1 Legislative History to P.L. 99-562, False Claims Amendments Act of 1986, Senate Report No. 99-345 S. Rep. 99-345, 3, 1986 U.S.C.C.A.N. 5266, 5268 (hereinafter “Legislative History”) (quoting 1981 GAO Report to Congress, “Fraud in Government Programs: How Extensive is it? How Can it be Controlled?”).

2 Legislative History, at 2, 1986 U.S.C.C.A.N. at 5266.

3 The term “qui tam” is derived from the Latin phrase, “qui tam pro domino rege quam pro se ipso in hac parte sequitur,” which means “who pursues this action on our Lord the King's behalf as well as his own.” Vermont Agency of Natural Resources v. United States ex rel. Stevens, 529 U.S. 765, 769 N.1 (2000).

4 Senate Report No. 99-345 S. Rep. 99-345, *2, 1986 U.S.C.C.A.N. 5266, **5267. Appendix 2 shows the growth in revenues, which is discussed in section IV infra.

Continue reading "Introduction to the False Claims Act and Qui Tam Whistleblower Cases" »

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